The Palace of the Grand Master

Identity

Site & dates

Museum › Collachium, head of the Street of the Knights

Stands at the highest, most defensible ground of the Collachium, on a site fortified since at least the 7th century AD, at the head of the Street of the Knights (Odos Ippoton).

1309 – 1346

Construction begun under Grand Master Foulques de Villaret soon after the Order took Rhodes in 1309, reusing an existing Byzantine princely structure; substantially completed under Hélion de Villeneuve.

1437 – 1522

Extended under Jean de Lastic (Gate of the Cannons); rebuilt on a major scale under Pierre d’Aubusson after the Great Siege of 1480; smaller works under Fabrizio del Carretto before the second, fatal siege of 1522.

1522 – 1856

Ottoman princes’ residence, then garrison and prison use, with progressive neglect; destroyed by earthquake and gunpowder explosion on 12 October and 6 November 1856.

1937 – today

Rebuilt 1937–1940 by the Italian administration under Vittorio Mesturino; Greek state museum since 1948; Bastion and south/west towers restored 2011–2017 (Europa Nostra Award).

Government

Seat of power

Institutional government › the Grand Master, the Council, the Langues

A modern ceramic plaque listing the Grand Masters of Rhodes with their heraldic arms and dates of office — The nineteen Grand Masters of Rhodes, 1309–1522, with their heraldic arms and years of office. Modern commemorative plaque, not a period artefact.

Elected for life and bound by oath to the Order’s own statutes, the Grand Master combined general administration, supreme command and final justice in a single office — governed in practice through his Council, his Great Officers, and the Order’s constituent Langues.

Election & oath

Elected by the assembled brethren for life; on election, took a formal oath to maintain the Order’s statutes and customs, direct its business with the advice of his brothers, and observe the ordinances of the Chapter General.

The Council & Great Officers

From the 14th century, the Grand Master’s single most important administrative instrument, meeting in this Palace’s own Council Hall. Senior members: the Grand Commander, Marshal, Hospitaller, Drapier, Treasurer, Admiral, Turcopolier and Conventual Prior.

The Langues

The Convent organised into seven, later eight, Langues (Provence, Auvergne, France, Italy, Aragon, England, Germany, Castile), each headed by a pilier holding a Great Office ex officio, and each allotted its own auberge.

The Chapter General — which met in this Palace’s own Great Hall and alone could legislate for the whole Order — progressively lost ground to the year-round authority of the Convent and Council: it was not summoned at all between 1631 and 1776, an eclipse the historian Jonathan Riley-Smith likens to that of many early modern European parliamentary institutions.

Fabric

What survives

Features › entrance, courtyard, Great Hall, Bastion

A centrally-planned Gothic fortress-palace of some 85 × 75 m around a large arcaded courtyard, built onto an earlier Byzantine fortification — one of the principal surviving monuments of Gothic military and civil architecture in the Eastern Mediterranean.

Exterior & entrance

North façade & towers

Two massive semi-cylindrical drum towers, associated with Hélion de Villeneuve’s campaign, flank a pointed Gothic gateway — among the elements to survive the 1856 catastrophe substantially intact.

Gate of the Cannons

Twin-towered gate attributed on stylistic grounds to Jean de Lastic (1437–1454), contemporary with the first cylindrical towers in the wider Rhodes fortifications.

The Akropyrgos keep

A massive north-west corner tower with an ancient, probably Hellenistic, core beneath a Byzantine-period facing — a serious working hypothesis, still under active investigation, links it to the original support of the Colossus of Rhodes.

Interior

The Courtyard & arcades

A large paved courtyard (c. 45 × 35 m) ringed on both levels by arcaded galleries; ten grain silos, three surviving, pierce its floor as wartime provision against siege.

The Great Hall & Council Hall

Where the Order’s General Chapters met and where, per contemporary accounts, foreign dignitaries such as Frederick, Duke of Saxony, were received in 1493.

The Kos mosaic pavements

Hellenistic and Roman floor mosaics brought from Kos and laid throughout the first floor during the 1937–1940 Italian reconstruction — genuine ancient artefacts, but not original to the building.

History

Persons & events

1309–2017 › three destructions, two rebirths

Two centuries of sovereign Hospitaller government, ended by siege in 1522, followed by earthquake, colonial reconstruction, and two rounds of twentieth- and twenty-first-century conservation.

Foulques de Villaret & Hélion de Villeneuve

Begin and substantially complete the Palace (1309–1346), reusing the site’s existing Byzantine fortification as the Order’s new headquarters.

Pierre d’Aubusson, 1476–1503

Directs the defence of the Great Siege of 1480 (wounded up to five times); undertakes the Palace’s most extensive building campaign afterward; hosts the Ottoman prince Cem Sultan, 1482–1483.

Philippe Villiers de L’Isle-Adam, 1521–1534

Directs the defence of the second, decisive Ottoman siege of 1522 under Suleiman the Magnificent, and negotiates the Knights’ honourable surrender and departure for Malta.

The catastrophe of 1856

An earthquake on 12 October, then a forgotten gunpowder store beneath the adjoining Church of St John explodes on 6 November — between them, destroying the Palace’s upper floor and the church outright.

Italian reconstruction, 1937–1940

Rebuilt under architect Vittorio Mesturino as the residence of Governor Cesare Maria de Vecchi, with a full extra storey and Kos mosaic pavements; its historical accuracy has since been repeatedly questioned by scholars.

2008 collapse & 2011–2017 restoration

Partial collapse of Italian-period battlements traced to 1930s reinforced-concrete faults, not medieval fabric; the following restoration of the Palace and Bastion won the European Union Prize for Cultural Heritage / Europa Nostra Award, 2017.

Testimony

Eye witness: the Palace under siege

1480–1493 › in contemporaries’ own words

The Bastion holds, 1480

“During the [first] siege the Turks bombarded it, but as it was solid and packed with earth right up to the battlements, and had atop it a little garden or orchard for recreation, the shots — however powerful — barely managed to touch the wall, even though many shots remained lodged in it.”

Merri Dupui, eyewitness account of the 1480 siege, as quoted in Vertot’s early-18th-century history of the Order; consulted here only via its Greek-language quotation in the modern secondary literature, not Dupui’s own French text.

Received at the Palace, 1493

Frederick, Duke of Saxony, was received by Grand Master Pierre d’Aubusson on the great staircase and led to the Palace’s private chapel to venerate relics; that same year J. von Lobkovitz and his pilgrims were received in the Council Hall — “the Council Hall, or Hall of Audiences,” as the traveller Rottiers later called it — the Grand Master conversing with them standing for about an hour.

Contemporary pilgrim and traveller accounts, as reported in this project’s consulted architectural-historical literature.

A vision above the walls

Caoursin’s own official chronicle credits the final rout of the Ottoman assault to a celestial apparition of the Virgin Mary, with Christ and St John the Baptist, seen above the walls — presented, in his telling, as authenticated by many witnesses, not as hearsay.

Guillaume Caoursin, Vice-Chancellor of the Order, Obsidionis Rhodie urbis descriptio (1480) — a partisan, officially authorised work of Hospitaller self-presentation, not a neutral account.

Narrative

Best Seller Book, 1481

Heritage narrative › the siege and its chronicler

Illuminated manuscript miniature of the Grand Master, enthroned in the Council Chamber and flanked by Knights of the Order in black mantles with the eight-pointed cross, receiving a bound book from a kneeling cleric — Guillaume de Caoursin presenting his chronicle to Grand Master Pierre d’Aubusson in the Council Chamber — illuminated miniature, Caoursin manuscript tradition. Source: gallica.bnf.fr / Bibliothèque nationale de France, Département des Manuscrits, Latin 6067.

Best Seller Book, 1481

THE GREAT SIEGE OF RHODES. In May 1480 a large Ottoman fleet appeared before Rhodes, carrying some 100,000 men against roughly 500 Knights and 2,000 soldiers; the Ottoman plan was to encircle the city and cut off its access to the sea. As the defenders’ supplies ran low, the main Ottoman infantry assault fell on the sea wall. Grand Master d’Aubusson, then 60 years old, led the counterattack in person at the Tower of Italy and was wounded five times; the fighting in the Italian sector was decided within three hours, with some 3,000 Ottoman soldiers killed there. The Ottomans withdrew on 17 August 1480, having lost, by report, some 9,000 dead and 15,000 wounded.

EYE WITNESS AND AUTHOR. Guillaume de Caoursin, the Order’s Vice-Chancellor, set down his own memory of the siege — as both witness and combatant — in his illustrated chronicle, which became an immediate best-seller: between 1481 and 1489 it was published in Venice, Ulm, Salamanca, Paris, Bruges and London. In this Palace’s own Council Chamber, pictured above, Caoursin presented a copy to Pierre d’Aubusson himself — Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller, victor over Sultan Mehmed II, Cardinal and Papal Legate for Asia — and a special edition was sent to the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III. Had Grand Master d’Aubusson lost Rhodes in 1480, it has been argued, the Ottomans might have become masters of Italy within twelve months.

Guillaume Caoursin, Obsidionis Rhodie urbis descriptio, 1481–1489 editions; the Council Chamber presentation and the Frederick III dedication copy as recorded in the Order’s own and later historiographic tradition, reported here as supplied. Miniature identification (the enthroned figure as the Grand Master, the kneeling figure presenting a book as Caoursin) is this project’s own reading of the scene’s iconography, not a documented folio caption.

Gallery

Photo gallery

Twenty-one views › exterior approach, gate heraldry and garden, courtyard, state rooms and portrait gallery

Exterior

Interior

Assessment

Significance criteria

Nine-criteria framework › International importance

Rarity

A purpose-built, fortified seat of government of a sovereign military-religious Order is a rare building type; the Rhodes Palace is the earlier and architecturally distinct example, ahead of later Hospitaller residences at Birgu and Valletta.

High

Representativeness

Embodies the Order’s governmental and military identity — the counterpart, within the Collachium, to the Great Hospital’s embodiment of its charitable vocation — plus a second layer as Italian colonial-era showpiece.

Exceptional

Aesthetic value

A striking composition of Gothic towers, monumental gateway and arcaded courtyard, its state rooms enriched by the Kos mosaics — though inseparable from its 20th-century reconstruction.

High

Integrity

Only the two gate towers, the Akropyrgos, the gateway and fragments of wall and ground floor are authentic medieval fabric; the entire first floor is 1937–1940 reconstruction, itself later found structurally unsound (2008 collapse).

Low–Moderate

Historical value

Site of a confirmed pre-Hospitaller Byzantine fortification and the Colossus hypothesis; seat of government through the pivotal sieges of 1480 and 1522; a rare, well-documented case study in Italian colonial-era reconstruction and its later correction.

Exceptional

Symbolic & social value

Emblem of sovereign, military-religious governance in the medieval Aegean, with a further, more contested 20th-century layer tied to Italian colonial rule; today a central point of civic identity for the Old Town.

High

Scientific value

Limited as in-situ medieval evidence relative to less-altered Collachium monuments, but the 2011–2017 campaign recovered significant new evidence on the Byzantine Acropolis and the Colossus hypothesis.

Moderate–High

Interpretive potential

A single building tracing the Byzantine Acropolis, Hospitaller sovereign government and its defining sieges, Italian colonial cultural politics, and a transparently documented modern conservation history.

Exceptional

Importance level

One of three principal monuments — with the Great Hospital and the Street of the Knights — underpinning the UNESCO property’s Outstanding Universal Value; internationally recognised via the 2017 Europa Nostra Award.

International

Statement of significance

“Domus regiminis, ultimum praesidium.” (“House of government, last stronghold.”)

The Palace of the Grand Master is of outstanding significance as the physical embodiment of the Hospitaller Order’s sovereign, warrior-state government — the counterpart, within the Collachium, to the Great Hospital’s embodiment of the Order’s charitable vocation. From 1309 until 1522 it was the residence of the Grand Master, the meeting place of the Order’s Council and General Chapter in its own Great Hall, and the innermost stronghold of the city’s defences through the two pivotal Ottoman sieges of 1480 and 1522. Its later history is as dramatic as its medieval one: earthquake and gunpowder explosion in 1856 reduced it to ruin for over eighty years, before an extensive and much-debated Italian reconstruction (1937–1940) gave the building its present form, and a rigorously documented, award-winning 2011–2017 campaign repaired a further, distinct layer of 20th-century structural failure. This significance must be read together with an honest account of the Palace’s integrity: only the gate towers, the Akropyrgos and fragments of the ground floor are authentic medieval fabric, and any conservation or interpretive use of the building should distinguish medieval fabric, Italian-period reconstruction, and 21st-century conservation from one another. Notwithstanding these qualifications, the Palace remains a monument of international significance: one of three principal monuments, alongside the Great Hospital of the Knights and the Street of the Knights, underpinning the Outstanding Universal Value of the UNESCO-inscribed Medieval City of Rhodes.

National

Protected under Greek Archaeological Law by Ministerial Decision ΥΑ 23084/737 (25 August 1948), ΦΕΚ 10 (23 September 1948), confirmed under Law 3028/2002.

UNESCO

Medieval City of Rhodes (ref. 493), inscribed 1988, criteria (ii), (iv) and (v) — one of three principal component monuments.

References

Abercrombie, G.E. The Hospitaller Knights of St John in Rhodes 1306–1522. Military. Barnsley, UK: Pen and Sword, 2024.
Barber, Malcolm, ed. The Military Orders: Fighting for the Faith and Caring for the Sick. Aldershot: Variorum, 1994.
Brodman, James W. “Rule and Identity: The Case of the Military Orders.” The Catholic Historical Review 87, no. 3 (July 2001): 383–400.
Bromberg, Benjamin. “The Financial and Administrative Importance of the Knights Hospitallers to the English Crown.” Economic History 4, no. 15 (February 1940): 307–311.
Caoursin, Guillaume. Obsidionis Rhodie urbis descriptio. [Rhodes/Venice], 1480 (editio princeps); also bound, with his further Rhodian works — including De Casu Regis Zyzymy Commentarius and the Exhortatio on Cem’s admission into France — in the compiled, illustrated nine-work edition: Ulm: Johann Reger, completed 23 October 1496.
Directorate of Archaeological Museums, Exhibitions and Educational Programs. “Palace of the Grand Master of Knights.” Hellenic Ministry of Culture. Accessed 2026. https://archaeologicalmuseums.gr/en/museum/5df34af3deca5e2d79e8c140/palace-of-the-grand-master-of-knights
Drane, Augusta Theodosia. The Knights of St. John: With the Battle of Lepanto and Siege of Vienna. New York: Burns and Oates, 1858. (Digitized by Google.)
Dupui, Merri. Relation du siège de Rhodes en 1480. In Vertot, René Aubert de, Histoire des chevaliers hospitaliers de S. Jean de Hierosolymitain, tome 2. Paris, 1726. Consulted only via the Greek-language quotation and paraphrase of it in Manousou-Ntella (2006), below; this project has not examined Vertot’s original French edition directly.
Farochon, P.A. Οι Ιππότες της Ρόδου και της Μάλτας. Athens: Zacharopoulos, 2011.
Foundation of the Hellenic World (Ίδρυμα Μείζονος Ελληνισμού). “Δωδεκάνησα – Οικονομία” [“Dodecanese – Economy”]. Chronos project. Accessed 2012. http://www.fhw.gr/chronos/projects/fragokratia/gr/webpages/dodeka_econ.html. Consulted for the statement that the Hospitaller mint is attested within the collachium.
Gabriel, Albert. La cité de Rhodes, 1310–1522. 2 vols. Paris: E. de Boccard, 1921–1923.
Hellenic Government Gazette (ΦΕΚ). Ministerial Decision 23084/737 (25 August 1948), ΦΕΚ 10 (23 September 1948), protection of the monuments of the Medieval Town of Rhodes; Law 3028/2002 on the Protection of Antiquities and Cultural Heritage in General.
ICOMOS. ICOMOS Charter for the Interpretation and Presentation of Cultural Heritage Sites. Paris: ICOMOS, 2008.
ICOMOS Australia. The Burra Charter: The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance. Burwood: ICOMOS Australia, 2013.
Kasdagli, Anna-Maria. “Nuremberg and Other Reckoning Counters Found on Rhodes.” Offprint from Νομισματικά Χρονικά [Nomismatika Khronika] 18 (1999): 119–132. Consulted for general context on numismatic finds in the medieval town; the counters themselves are later (mostly 16th–19th c.) imported accounting tokens found at sites unrelated to the Palace (the Bulwark of d’Aubusson, the bastion of St George, and various town properties), not currency struck at the Order’s own mint, and are not otherwise drawn on in this document.
Kasdagli, Anna-Maria. “Νέα στοιχεία για τους τάφους των μεγάλων μαγίστρων του τάγματος των Ιωαννιτών ιπποτών στη Ρόδο” [“New Evidence on the Tombs of the Grand Masters of the Order of St John on Rhodes”]. Αρχαιολογικά Ανάλεκτα εξ Αθηνών 35–38 (2002–2005): 249–258. Athens, 2005.
Kasdagli, Anna-Maria. “Νομίσματα στα Δωδεκάνησα από τη Μεταρρύθμιση του Αναστασίου (498 μ.Χ.) έως το 19ο αιώνα” [“Coins in the Dodecanese from the Reform of Anastasius (498 AD) to the 19th Century”]. In Ὀβολός 8: Το Νόμισμα στα Δωδεκάνησα και τη Μικρασιατική τους Περαία, Πρακτικά Συνεδρίου της Δ΄ Επιστημονικής Συνάντησης [Proceedings of the 4th Scientific Meeting], 253–266. Athens: Υπουργείο Πολιτισμού / Αρχαιολογικό Ινστιτούτο Αιγαιακών Σπουδών [Ministry of Culture / Archaeological Institute of Aegean Studies], 2006. Consulted for the Hospitaller-period mint’s institutional history (Villaret, Villeneuve, the gigliato coinage, the Heredia/Naillac decline in quality, Fluvià’s gold ducats, and d’Aubusson’s post-1480 silver reform) and for the hoard of around 4,000 Rhodian deniers, dated to around 1400, used to date the Order’s anonymous small change.
Kollias, Elias. The Medieval City of Rhodes and the Palace of the Grand Master. 3rd ed. Athens: Archaeological Receipts Fund, 2005.
Kollias, Elias. Οι Ιππότες της Ρόδου. Το Παλάτι και η πόλη. Εκδοτική Αθηνών, Αθήνα, 1991.
Kondis, I. D. “Recent Restoration and Preservation of the Monuments of the Knights in Rhodes.” The Annual of the British School at Athens 47 (1952): 213–216.
Luttrell, Anthony. “Intrigue, Schism, and Violence among the Hospitallers of Rhodes: 1377–1384.” Speculum 41, no. 1 (January 1966): 30–48.
Luttrell, Anthony. “Venice and the Knights Hospitallers of Rhodes in the Fourteenth Century.” Papers of the British School at Rome 26 (1958): 195–212.
Luttrell, Anthony T. “Feudal Tenure and Latin Colonization at Rhodes: 1306–1415.” The English Historical Review 85, no. 337 (October 1970): 755–775.
Manousou-Della, Katerina, and Yorgos Dellas. “Η οικοδομική εξέλιξη του Παλατιού του Μεγάλου Μάγιστρου της Ρόδου” [“The Building Development of the Grand Master’s Palace in Rhodes”]. In Χάρις Χαίρε: Μελέτες στη μνήμη της Χάρης Κάντζια, Vol. B, 237–264 (English summary 255–256). Athens: Archaeological Institute of Aegean Studies / Ministry of Culture, 2004. Consulted for the Palace’s Byzantine-to-Hospitaller building phasing, the historiographic review of travellers’ and scholars’ accounts, and, in its English summary, for the size of the Order’s early household and for Niccolò da Martoni’s 1394–1395 eyewitness account of the Palace’s gardens and halls.
Manousou-Ntella, Katerina, and Dimitra Kotlida. “The Bastion of the Palace of the Grand Master: Restoration of the Portico of the Battery and the Upper Platform of the Cannon Emplacement.” In Medieval Town of Rhodes: Restoration Works 2011–2016, 81–93. Rhodes: Ministry of Culture and Sports / Scientific Committee of Rhodes, Kasseris Publications, 2017.
Manousou-Ntella, Katerina. “Η μνημειακή ζώνη των οχυρώσεων της πόλης της Ρόδου προς το μικρό λιμένα –‘Μανδράκι’– και ο προμαχώνας του παλατιού του Μεγάλου Μαγίστρου” [“The Monumental Zone of the Fortifications of the City of Rhodes towards the Small Harbour –‘Mandraki’– and the Bastion of the Palace of the Grand Master”]. In 1ο Πανελλήνιο Συνέδριο Αναστηλώσεων [1st Panhellenic Conference on Restorations], Thessaloniki, 14–17 June 2006. Thessaloniki: ΕΤΕΠΑΜ (Society for the Research and Promotion of the Scientific Restoration of Monuments), 2006. Consulted for the Bastion’s physical description and dimensions, its Ottoman-period repair and nineteenth-century damage, the 1889 hospital built on its platform, the Merri Dupui eyewitness quotation on the 1480 bombardment, and the 2000–2015 phased restoration programme.
Manousou-Ntella, Katerina. “Μεσαιωνική Ρόδος: Από το Βυζαντινό Κάστρο στο Παλάτι του Μεγάλου Μαγίστρου” [“Medieval Rhodes: From the Byzantine Castle to the Palace of the Grand Master”]. In Η Οχυρωματική Αρχιτεκτονική στο Αιγαίο και ο Μεσαιωνικός Οικισμός Αναβάτου Χίου, International Conference Proceedings, Chios, 26–28 September 2008, 313–330. Chios, 2012.
Manousou-Ntella, Katerina. “Το παλάτι του μεγάλου μαγίστρου και οι μεσαιωνικές οχυρώσεις της Ρόδου” [“The Palace of the Grand Master and the Medieval Fortifications of Rhodes”]. In Rhodes & les « Chevaliers de Rhodes » 1310–2010: Actes du colloque, Rhodes, 28 et 29 mai 2010, 71–100. Académie historique de l’Ordre de Malte.
Mazarakis, Andreas. “The Coins of Rhodes 1476–1522.” In A Survey on the Rhodian Coins of the Order of St John. Athens: Andromeda Books, 2010. Consulted for the coin typology, metrology and fineness evidence — the two iconographic categories struck under d’Aubusson, the post-1489 cardinal’s-hat dating clue, the gold ducat’s approximately 23-carat fineness and its Genoese-standard metrology, and the continuing giannetto/quattrino/denaro denominational system under d’Amboise and del Carretto — supporting the inference of a well-organised mint.
Michailidou, Maria. “The Palace of the Grand Master and Its Functional Improvement with Integration of New Functions.” In Medieval Town of Rhodes: Restoration Works 2011–2016, 26–28. Rhodes: Kasseris Publications, 2017.
Miller, Timothy S. “The Knights of Saint John and the Hospitals of the Latin West.” Speculum 53, no. 4 (October 1978): 709–733.
Newsroom. “Rhodes: The Mint of the Order of Knights of St. John Is Being Restored and Revitalized.” Protothema (en.protothema.gr), October 9, 2025. Consulted for the mint building’s location, dimensions, prior incompatible use as a workshop, and the 2025 restoration project’s scope, funding and stated aims; no specific article URL was captured in the source consulted for this document.
Ntellas, George, Dimitra Kotlida, and V. Stais. “Μελέτη αποκατάστασης του παλατιού του Μεγάλου Μαγίστρου στη Ρόδο” [“Restoration Study of the Palace of the Grand Master in Rhodes”]. In Το αρχαιολογικό έργο στα νησιά του Αιγαίου, Vol. A, 321–345. Mytilene: Ministry of Culture and Sports / Ephorate of Antiquities of Lesbos, 2017. Cited bibliographically; the paper’s own content was not accessible in the source consulted for this document.
Ntellas, George, V. Stais, Dimitra Kotlida, and Konstantinos Skiadopoulos. “The Palace of the Grand Master: Restoration of the Towers of the Main Entrance and Dangerous-Collapsing Parts of the Roof.” In Medieval Town of Rhodes: Restoration Works 2011–2016, 63–79. Rhodes: Kasseris Publications, 2017.
Papathanasiou-Zuhrt, D. 2013. “SEE/B/0016/4.3/X SAGITTARIUS Record Sheet of the Great Hospital of the Knights in Rhodes.” Southeast Europe Transnational Cooperation Programme 2007–2013, Budapest.
Papathanasiou-Zuhrt, D. Act 5.2 SAGITTARIUS Significance Assessment Tool — Hospice of St Catherine. University of the Aegean, 14 March 2013.
Papathanasiou-Zuhrt, D. 2014. Statements of Significance. Principles, Methodology, Application for the Intensive Training Course of the Profession of Tourist Guides in the Interpretation of Heritage. Rhodes: Greek Ministry of Tourism / University of the Aegean, Vol. I 98 pages, Vol. II 82 pages.
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Papathanasiou-Zuhrt, D., and Cinar, K. 2023. “Developing a Prototype for Serious Games at Places of Cultural Significance: Evidence from UNESCO-Listed Heritage in Greece and Turkey.” In HERiPRENEURSHIP. Sustainable Tourism, Heritage Management and the Cultural and Creative Industries: Creating New Investment Opportunities at Places of Cultural Significance, 197–208. Editura Mega, ISBN 978-606-020-654-5.
Papathanasiou-Zuhrt, D., Stavrinoudis, Th., Glyptou, K., and Skoultsos, S. 2013. “QR-RHODES: From the Time Machine to the QR Code. Play Rooms for Non-Captive Audiences in the Age of Mobile Telephony — The Approach of the SEE TCP SAGITTARIUS 2011–2014.” In 5th International Scientific Conference “Tourism Trends and Advances in the 21st Century,” 1–14.
REBOOT summary of Caoursin’s collected Rhodian works (Ulm: Johann Reger, 1496) — a full page-by-page reading of the digitised incunable prepared for this project (2026), consulted for the narrative content of the siege description (the Master George conspiracy, the Great Assault and the Marian apparition, and the eighty-nine-day Ottoman withdrawal) and for the commentary on Cem/Zizim’s flight to and reception at Rhodes and the Exhortatio’s strategic argument for his continued confinement as leverage over Sultan Bayezid II.
Riley-Smith, J. Hospitallers: The History of the Order of St John. London: Hambledon Press, 1999. Consulted for the office, election and powers of the Grand Master; the chronology of the Order’s successive headquarters at Jerusalem, Acre, Limassol, Rhodes and Malta; the Council and Great Officers; and the Langues, auberges and Chapter General.
Setton, Kenneth M. The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571). 4 vols. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society, 1976–1984.
Soldani, Maria Elisa, and Daniel Duran i Duelt. “Religion, Warfare and Business in Fifteenth-Century Rhodes.” In Religione e istituzioni religiose nell’economia europea, 1000–1800 / Religion and Religious Institutions in the European Economy, 1000–1800, edited by Francesco Ammannati, 257–270. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2012.
Tsirpanlis, Z. Η Ρόδος και οι Νότιες Σποράδες στα χρόνια των Ιωαννιτών Ιπποτών (14ος–16ος αι.) [Rhodes and the Southern Sporades in the Years of the Knights of St John, 14th–16th c.]. Rhodes, 1991.
Tsirpanlis, Z. Ανέκδοτα έγγραφα για τη Ρόδο και τις Νότιες Σποράδες από το αρχείο των Ιωαννιτών Ιπποτών, 1421–1453 [Unpublished Documents on Rhodes and the Southern Sporades from the Archive of the Knights of St John, 1421–1453]. Rhodes, 1995.
UNESCO World Heritage Centre. “Medieval City of Rhodes.” World Heritage List, ref. 493. Inscribed 1988. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/493.
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