The Inn of Auvergne

Identity

Site & dates

The Inn (Auberge) of Auvergne › Argyrokastrou Square, Collachium

The Inn of Auvergne stands on the eastern side of Argyrokastrou Square, diagonally opposite the First Hospital of the Knights, occupying almost the whole of the square’s west side — one of the Hospitaller Order’s national assembly-houses, built by the eight Langues (Provence, Auvergne, France, Italy, Aragon, Castile, England and Germany) within the Collachium, alongside the better-known run of Inns on the nearby Street of the Knights proper. It must be clearly distinguished from the Bastion of Auvergne, a separate fortification on the town’s landward defences — see Identity Debate, below.

1507

Completed or rebuilt under fr. Guy de Blanchefort, Grand Prior of Auvergne and nephew of fr. Pierre d’Aubusson; the Inn’s only securely dated building campaign recorded in the sources consulted for this document.

1507 – 1522

Hospitaller Priory of Auvergne residence; earlier building history, if any, not documented in the sources consulted for this document.

1522 – 1912

Ottoman period; the building’s fate and use are not recorded in any source consulted for this document, a gap reported honestly rather than filled by inference.

1912 – 1943/47

Italian administration of the Dodecanese; the Italian Archaeological Service restores the building’s north face, including its stone staircase and timber-roofed upper gallery.

1947/48 – Present

Hellenic state property, administered by the Ephorate of Antiquities of the Dodecanese; the Inn functions today as a coffee shop, its courtyard laid out with café seating beneath the fig tree.

No source consulted for this document itself establishes the building’s present specific function (see Ownership, below); that gap is now filled by this project’s own authorship, which confirms the Inn of Auvergne functions today as a coffee shop — a present-day commercial use reported here on that authority, beyond what the documentary sources cited in this document themselves establish.

Identity Debate

Two Buildings, One Langue’s Name

The Inn of Auvergne › and the Bastion of Auvergne

This project’s sources are careful to separate two structures that share only a name. The Inn of Auvergne is the Langue’s residence and assembly-house, on Argyrokastrou Square; the Bastion of Auvergne (Prómachonas or bastion d’Auvergne) is a wholly separate fortification on the town’s landward walls, between the Tower of St George and the Tower of Spain, which the Langue of Auvergne was responsible for manning and defending under the Order’s assignment of the walls among its Tongues.

The Inn of Auvergne

A national assembly-house on Argyrokastrou Square; the Priory of Auvergne’s residence, completed or rebuilt in 1507; the subject of this document.

The Bastion of Auvergne

A separate fortification on the landward walls, between the Tower of St George and the Tower of Spain, recorded by Jean-Bernard de Vaivre’s 2009 study; sited on the walls, not on Argyrokastrou Square.

Defender of the bastion, 1522

This project’s Statement of Significance for the Inn of Italy separately names the knight du Mesnil as commander of the Bastion of Auvergne’s defence at the climactic 1522 siege, one of five veteran knights each entrusted with one of the city’s bastions; no further biographical detail for him, not even a given name, has been identified in any source consulted for this document or its companion.

The bastion is reported here only for what it shows of the Langue’s military responsibilities, not as an architectural description of the Inn; a full architectural treatment of the bastion, if warranted, belongs to this project’s documentation of the Medieval Town’s fortifications generally, not to this document.

Fabric

Portal, courtyard and gallery

A modestly documented auberge › substantial surviving fabric

The Inn’s historic principal entrance was the imposing south portal, opening into a cross-vaulted passage and, beyond a further door, into what was in the Middle Ages an enclosed inner courtyard flanked to east and south by further rooms since lost; today this courtyard, filled with trees, is directly accessible from the street. The building’s north face, by contrast, is a public-facing elevation rather than the historic entrance, today entered through the nearby Liberty Gate.

The South Portal

The Inn’s historic principal entrance, opening into a cross-vaulted passage and, beyond a further door, the inner courtyard; carries Guy de Blanchefort’s dated 1507 inscription.

The Courtyard

In the Middle Ages an enclosed inner courtyard flanked to east and south by further rooms since lost; today filled with trees and directly accessible from the street.

The North-West Staircase

A flight of stone steps, original to the building, survives in the courtyard’s north-west corner; the present staircase in the south-west corner is an Italian-period reconstruction.

Ground-Floor Storerooms

Vaulted and appearing largely unaltered; a small room at the north-east, with a fireplace and an adjoining well, may have served as a kitchen; other upper-storey chambers survive but their original use is not recorded.

The North Face

A public-facing elevation, not the historic entrance: a broad stone staircase and a timber-roofed upper gallery, both restored by the Italian Archaeological Service, 1912–1943; period texts record a garden, not a formal approach, once stood before it.

No architect is named in any source consulted for this document for the Inn’s 1507 campaign itself — which in any case postdates Pierre d’Aubusson’s own 1476–1503 magistracy — but Jean-Marc Roger has identified the architect Bartholino da Castiglione as responsible, under d’Aubusson’s patronage, for several Langue de France structures nearby (the loge and the chapel of St Michael); a reminder that d’Aubusson’s own architectural patronage as Grand Master extended well beyond his own Langue’s buildings, and that his fortification programme, discussed at length in the Story section below, is this document’s principal architectural legacy of the Auvergnat magistracy, rather than the Inn’s own more modest 1507 fabric.

History

Second in protocol, first in arms

The Langue d’Auvergne › the Order’s Marshalcy

The Langue d’Auvergne ranked second in protocol among the Hospitaller Order’s Tongues, immediately after Provence and ahead of France, and supplied the Order’s Grand Marshal, one of the eight conventual bailiffs who governed the Order alongside the Grand Master — the Order’s overall military commander, second only to the Grand Master himself. This institutional role, more than any single building, is the clearest measure of Auvergne’s contribution to the Order’s history.

Second in Protocol

Jean-Bernard de Vaivre records the Order’s Langues in strict protocol order — Provence, Auvergne, France, Italy, Spain, England and Germany — with Auvergne ranking second, immediately after Provence, the Langue of the Order’s founders.

The Marshalcy

Among the Order’s eight conventual bailiffs, the office of Marshal, held by the Langue of Auvergne, carried responsibility for the Order’s military command in the field, second only to the Grand Master.

The 1476 Muster

At the general muster of 17 June 1476 — the day of Pierre d’Aubusson’s own election as Grand Master — 258 knight-brethren were present; Auvergne mustered 36, level with France and behind only Provence (38) and Aragon and Catalonia (65).

Fourteen of Nineteen

The closely allied Langues of Provence, Auvergne and France together supplied fourteen of the Order’s nineteen Grand Masters at Rhodes.

The Italian-Period Restoration

The only conservation campaign recorded with any specificity: the Italian Archaeological Service’s restoration of the building’s north face, its stone staircase and timber-roofed upper gallery, 1912–1943; no conservation activity since the 1947/48 transfer of the Dodecanese to Greece is documented.

Following the Order’s final defeat and withdrawal from Rhodes in 1522/23, no source consulted for this document records the Inn’s own Ottoman-period use or ownership; this gap is reported honestly rather than filled by inference. Its documented history resumes only with the Italian Archaeological Service’s restoration of its north face after 1912.

Testimony

Eye witness: a protocol order, an office, a feast

1476–1489 › in the sources’ own words

“An Elegant Man, Straight as a Reed”

Pilgrims and travellers who saw Pierre d’Aubusson in his later years described him as “an elegant man, straight as a reed, a Frenchman with a long beard,” of “royal manner” and “great prudence” — an image his own bearded portrait, in Guillaume Caoursin’s illuminated dedication manuscript, seems to confirm.

Contemporary pilgrim descriptions, as reported in this document’s own Person and Event History section, above, drawing on Jean-Bernard de Vaivre’s 2011 study of d’Aubusson’s tomb.

“Second Only to the Grand Master”

“Among the Hospitaller Order’s eight conventual bailiffs — the Grand Commander (Provence), the Marshal (Auvergne), the Hospitalier (France), the Admiral (Italy), the Turcopolier (England), the Drapier (Aragon), and the Grand Chancellor (Castile and Portugal) — the office of Marshal, held by the Langue of Auvergne, carried responsibility for the Order’s military command in the field, second only to the Grand Master himself.”

Simon David Phillips, Rhodes in the Final Hospitaller Years, 1502–1521, PhD dissertation, University of Athens, 2021.

“Provence, Auvergne, France, Italy…”

Jean-Bernard de Vaivre records the Order’s Langues in their strict protocol order — Provence, Auvergne, France, Italy, Spain, England and Germany — with Auvergne ranking second, immediately after Provence, the Langue of the Order’s founders.

Jean-Bernard de Vaivre, “Rhodes et ses monuments au temps des chevaliers de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem. Notes de travail,” Bulletin monumental 167, no. 4 (2009): 339–350.

A Perpetual Feast of Thanksgiving

Five years after the 1480 siege, Pope Innocent VIII’s bull Redemptor noster (31 May 1485) made 27 July — the feast of St Pantaleon — a perpetual solemn feast throughout the Church, in thanksgiving for the Rhodian victory: an enduring mark, on the universal Church’s own calendar, of what an Auvergnat Grand Master’s leadership had achieved.

Pope Innocent VIII, bull Redemptor noster (31 May 1485), as reported in this document’s own Person and Event History section, above.

Story

Pierre d’Aubusson, the Sultan’s victor

1476–1513 › a narrative reconstruction for visitors

A dramatised account, written for visitor interpretation and drawing on this document’s own documented record (see Person and Event History and Testimony, above) and, for the 1480 siege material, on Kenneth M. Setton’s 1978 study. It is a narrative device, not a literal historical record; sources are given scene by scene below.

The Muster of 17 June 1476

The day Rhodes elects a new Grand Master doubles as a day of reckoning: every knight-brother on the island is called to the muster, and the clerks count them off, langue by langue. Provence fields the most, at 38; Auvergne — d’Aubusson’s own langue — comes next, level with France at 36; Aragon and Catalonia, swollen by the peninsula’s own wars, musters an outsized 65. By the time the counting is done, fr. Pierre d’Aubusson, Prior of Auvergne, has been chosen to lead them all.

Figures per Kenneth M. Setton, ‘Pierre d’Aubusson and the First Siege of Rhodes (1480),’ 1978, p. 353 (citing Malta Library, AOM, Reg. 75), corroborating this document’s own Person and Event History section, above.

The Breach at the Jewish Quarter, 28 July 1480

Thirty-seven days of bombardment have opened a wound in the walls near the Jewish quarter, and on the thirty-eighth day the Ottomans come through it — a few thousand at first, then many more, their standards planted on the ramparts, in places as far as the Tower of Italy. D’Aubusson leads his knights into the breach himself and takes wound after wound in the fighting. Within two hours the assault has broken; the defenders counter-attack, capture the Ottoman imperial standard, and the siege is over.

Compiled from this document’s own Person and Event History section, above, drawing on Guillaume Caoursin’s contemporary Obsidionis Rhodiae urbis descriptio and Kenneth M. Setton’s 1978 account of the siege.

A Deserter’s Confession

Not every refugee streaming into the city from Mesih Pasha’s camp is to be trusted. One of them, it is alleged, has come in with a single purpose: poisoning the grand master. D’Aubusson has him found out, a stone tied around his neck, and thrown into the sea. In the weeks that follow he treats all sixty or so of these deserters — Turks and Christians alike — with the same hard suspicion; after the siege he ships every one of them to Rome, for the Church’s own inquisitors to judge who had been sincere, and who had plotted mischief.

Kenneth M. Setton, ‘Pierre d’Aubusson and the First Siege of Rhodes (1480),’ 1978, p. 355 — the only source identified for this episode among those consulted for this document. Setton’s own text describes an alleged plot to poison the grand master without specifying poisoned food as the means; that detail, sometimes added in popular retellings, is not present in this project’s source and is not asserted here.

Escort to France, September 1482

The fugitive Ottoman prince has been at Rhodes only weeks when the question of where to keep him safely becomes urgent — his brother Bayezid’s agents are not far behind, and the Order cannot defend a siege-scarred island and a hostage prince at once. D’Aubusson turns to his own nephew: fr. Guy de Blanchefort takes command of the galley that carries Jem out of the harbour and on toward France, the first stage of a captivity that will keep the prince from his throne, and from his brother’s reach, for the rest of his life. Blanchefort will later personally oversee his custody at the family seat of Bourganeuf.

This project’s Statement of Significance for the House of Prince Jem, cross-referenced for the September 1482 date and for Blanchefort’s command of the galley; corroborated in outline, though without this level of detail, by Guillaume Caoursin’s contemporary account as cited in this project’s Statement of Significance for the Palace of the Grand Master, and by this document’s own Person and Event History section, above. Setton’s 1978 chapter, the principal source for this document’s other Aubusson material, closes with the 1480 siege and does not itself cover these 1482/83 events.

A Cardinal’s Hat, 1489

Nine years after the siege, word reaches Rhodes that Pope Innocent VIII has made the Grand Master a cardinal — one of only a few Hospitaller Grand Masters ever so honoured. This project’s own sources for the Palace of the Grand Master record the honour as confirming an earlier nomination made secretly, in pectore, in recognition of how d’Aubusson had handled the Ottoman prince’s custody a few years before — the same custody that had begun with his nephew’s galley bound for France.

This project’s Statement of Significance for the Palace of the Grand Master, Rhodes (2026), cross-referenced for the cardinalate’s connection to d’Aubusson’s handling of Prince Cem’s custody.

The Grand Prior’s Portal, 1507

D’Aubusson has been dead four years when his nephew, by now Grand Prior of Auvergne, finishes or rebuilds the family langue’s own house on Argyrokastrou Square. Guy de Blanchefort’s arms go up above the south portal, with a marble scroll recording the date; it is the most substantial building work he will ever put his name to. Five years later the langue elects him Grand Master in turn — but he dies at sea before he can reach Rhodes to take up the office his uncle had once held for twenty-seven years.

This document’s own Features and Person and Event History sections, above, on the 1507 inscription and Guy de Blanchefort’s unfulfilled 1512 magistracy.

Gallery

Photo gallery

Twelve views › the Inn of Auvergne’s portal, courtyard and north face, then and now, with Pierre d’Aubusson’s own illuminated chronicle

Assessment

Significance criteria

Nine-criteria framework › International importance

Rarity

Unusual among the Order's surviving national Inns in being sited away from the Street of the Knights proper, on Argyrokastrou Square, and in having its historic entrance on a face other than the one restored for public presentation; its 1507 building inscription is, however, unremarkable in kind, closely paralleling similarly dated inscriptions at the neighbouring Inns of France and Provence.

Moderate

Representativeness

Representative of the Order's national-Langue auberge system generally, though its own architectural documentation is markedly thinner than that available for the Inns of France, Italy or Spain; what the Langue of Auvergne itself best represents is institutional rather than architectural — the office of Marshal, and the military leadership that produced Pierre d'Aubusson's magistracy.

High

Aesthetic value

No source consulted for this document records distinctive façade ornament comparable to the Inn of France's dripstones and water-spouts; aesthetic value rests on the documented 1507 south portal and inscription, and on the Italian-restored north face and gallery, rather than on any comparably rich decorative programme.

Moderate

Integrity

The ground floor and the courtyard's north-west staircase survive substantially intact from 1507; the north face, by contrast, reflects a significant twentieth-century Italian-period intervention rather than original fabric, a distinction this document reports plainly rather than obscures.

Moderate

Historical value

Of outstanding historical value not primarily as architecture but as the one building on Rhodes directly tied, through Guy de Blanchefort's 1507 work, to the Langue that produced Pierre d'Aubusson — arguably the single most celebrated Grand Master in the Order's Rhodian history, whose 1480 victory and subsequent refortification of the city are events of International significance extending far beyond this one building.

Exceptional

Symbolic, spiritual & social value

As the residence of the Priory of Auvergne, the building carried strong institutional meaning for the Langue's own knights; its symbolic value today rests chiefly on its association, through Blanchefort, with d'Aubusson's Auvergnat magistracy and the Order's own commemorative tradition of the 1480 victory, including Pope Innocent VIII's perpetual feast of thanksgiving.

High

Scientific value

Significant open questions remain for further research: the Inn's own pre-1507 building history, if any; its Ottoman-period fate and use; the full scope and dating of the Italian Archaeological Service's restoration of its north face; and fr. Jean de Lastic's own biography and career before his 1437 election, on which no source consulted for this document sheds any light.

High

Interpretive potential

The sources consulted for this document leave the building's present accessibility to the public unresolved in their own text, a drafting inconsistency reported here rather than silently corrected; this project's own authorship now confirms the Inn functions today as a coffee shop, a commercial use that brings the public through the courtyard without itself offering any heritage-interpretation programme. Interpretive potential is accordingly rated Low, notwithstanding institutional and historical associations, above all with d'Aubusson's 1480 victory, that would offer strong material for public interpretation should that change.

Low

Importance level

Not for its own architectural record, which is comparatively modest, but for its institutional identity as the seat of the Langue that supplied the Order's Marshal and, in Pierre d'Aubusson, the victor of the 1480 siege of Rhodes and the architect of the city's subsequent refortification — significance of International importance.

International

Statement of significance

“D’Auvergne le Grand Prieur, frere Guy de Blanche Fort, 1507.” (The south portal's own marble inscription — the Inn's only securely dated building record.)

Auvergne held the Marshalcy, the Order's senior field command, and its knights were accordingly the backbone of the Convent's standing military establishment rather than any one branch of logistics or administration. The langue's record of Grand Masters reads as a near-continuous chronicle of the Order's wars: Philibert de Naillac (1396–1421) led the Hospitaller contingent at the catastrophic Battle of Nicopolis against Bayezid I in 1396 and, on returning to Rhodes, built the harbor-mouth tower that still bears his name; Jean de Lastic (1437–1454) commanded the defense against the Mamluk siege of 1444; and Pierre d'Aubusson (1476–1503) is, without much competition, the single most consequential military figure the Order produced at Rhodes.

As Grand Master he directed the fortification of the city in the years before the great Ottoman siege of 1480, and when that siege's climax came at the breach the Ottomans forced near the Jewish quarter walls, he personally led the counterassault that threw them back, taking wounds in the fighting. Auvergnat knights manned the sector of the walls nearest that same breach in both 1480 and again in 1522, a defensive posting that tracks the langue's identity as the Order's fighting arm.

This significance is institutional beside the unique late Gothic architectural dimension of the Order's other national Inns, and is for that reason easily overlooked in an assessment organized around individual buildings. The Inn of Auvergne itself is not where d'Aubusson's victory or his fortification campaign took physical form — his own arms appear instead on roughly a third of the Grand Masters' escutcheons surviving on the walls and towers of Rhodes, and his tomb lies in the Order's Conventual Church — but the Inn stands, through fr. Guy de Blanchefort's 1507 building and his own brief, unfulfilled magistracy, as the Langue d'Auvergne's own material seat, and thus as the closest single-building anchor this project's series affords for the Langue's wider historical contribution.

Taken together, these qualities give the Inn of Auvergne significance of International importance: not primarily for its own modest architectural fabric, but for its direct institutional connection to the Order's Marshalcy and, through Pierre d'Aubusson, to one of the most celebrated victories of any Christian power against Ottoman expansion in the fifteenth century — a victory whose commemoration by the Roman Church itself outlasted the Order's own presence at Rhodes.

National

Hellenic Republic: ΥΑ 23084/737/25-8-1948 — ΦΕΚ 10/23-9-1948 (Ministerial Decision declaring the monuments of the Medieval Town of Rhodes protected under Greek Archaeological Law; subsequently confirmed under Law 3028/2002). No source consulted for this document records any additional national protective designation specific to the Inn of Auvergne beyond this general protection of the Medieval Town — unlike the Inn of France, which as French State property carries its own separate French Monument Historique classification, not applicable here.

UNESCO

World Heritage property: Medieval City of Rhodes (ref. 493), inscribed 1988, meeting criteria (ii), (iv) and (v). The Inn of Auvergne, together with the Street of the Knights, the Great Hospital of the Knights, the Palace of the Grand Master and the other surviving national Inns, forms part of the Collachium whose fortifications and monumental ensemble justify the Medieval City of Rhodes' UNESCO inscription.

References

Abercrombie, G.E. The Hospitaller Knights of St John in Rhodes 1306-1522, Military. Barnsley, UK: Pen and Sword, 2024.
Brodman, James W. “Rule and Identity: The Case of the Military Orders.” The Catholic Historical Review 87, no. 3 (July 2001): 383–400.
de Vaivre, Jean-Bernard. “L’enfeu du tombeau de Pierre d’Aubusson, grand maître de Rhodes.” Monuments et mémoires de la Fondation Eugène Piot, tome 90 (2011): 143–173. Source for d’Aubusson’s burial arrangements within the Order’s Conventual Church of St John the Baptist and for contemporary pilgrim descriptions of his appearance; the tomb itself, an enfeu within that church, is reserved for this project’s Statement of Significance for that monument and not duplicated here.
de Vaivre, Jean-Bernard. “Rhodes et ses monuments au temps des chevaliers de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem. Notes de travail.” Bulletin monumental 167, no. 4 (2009): 339–350. Source for the Order’s Langue protocol order (Provence, Auvergne, France, Italy, Spain, England, Germany) and for the Bastion of Auvergne; already cited in this project’s Statement of Significance for the Inn of France.
Farochon, P.A. Οι Ιππότες της Ρόδου και της Μάλτας. Αθήνα: Ζαχαρόπουλος, 2011.
Hellenic Government Gazette (ΦΕΚ). Ministerial Decision 23084/737 (25 August 1948), ΦΕΚ 10 (23 September 1948), declaring the monuments of the Medieval Town of Rhodes protected.
ICOMOS Australia. The Burra Charter: The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance, 2013.
ICOMOS. ICOMOS Charter for the Interpretation and Presentation of Cultural Heritage Sites. Paris: ICOMOS, 2008.
Kasdagli, Anna-Maria. “Les Français à Rhodes: témoignages en pierre.” In Rhodes & les « Chevaliers de Rhodes » 1310–2010, Actes du colloque, Rhodes, 28–29 mai 2010. Source for the count of fourteen Grand Masters of French, Auvergnat and Provençal nationality among the Order’s nineteen at Rhodes, and, per this project’s Statements of Significance for the House of Prince Cem and Porta Marina, for Guy de Blanchefort’s candidacy for the identity of an unresolved marble funerary effigy, not duplicated here.
Kollias, Elias. The Knights of Rhodes: The Palace and the City. Athens, 1994.
Luttrell, A. The Hospitallers of Rhodes and Their Mediterranean World, 1992.
Luttrell, Anthony. The Hospitallers in Cyprus, Rhodes, Greece and the West, 1291–1440. London: Variorum Reprints, 1978.
Nicholson, H., ed. The Military Orders, Vol. 2: Welfare and Warfare. Aldershot, 1998.
Nicolle, D. Knight Hospitallers I: 1110-1306. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2001.
Papathanasiou-Zuhrt, D. “Rhodes Building Europe: Knights at Work” SEE/B/0016/4.3/X SAGITTARIUS, South East Europe Transnational Cooperation Programme, University of the Aegean, Rhodes, 2014.
Papathanasiou-Zuhrt, D. 2013, QR-Rhodes. experience diversity plan. A cognitive-emotional approach, Southeast Europe Transnational Cooperation Programme, Athens.
Papathanasiou-Zuhrt, D. 2014, ‘Rhodes building Europe: Knights at Work: 1306-1522’, in Heritage as a development mediator: interpretation and management, ed. Babic, D., Papathanasiou-Zuhrt, D., and Vasile, V., Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, p. 45-47, ISBN 978-953-175-512-2.
Papathanasiou-Zuhrt, D. 2014, “2520/Intensive Training Programme for the Tourism Guide Profession in Rhodes, Greece”, Greek Ministry of Tourism, 2014.
Papathanasiou-Zuhrt, D. 2014. Statements of Significance. Principles, Methodology, Application for the Intensive Training Course of the Profession of Tourist Guides in the interpretation of heritage. Rhodes: Greek Ministry of Tourism / University of the Aegean, Vol. I 98 pages, Vol. II 82 pages.
Papathanasiou-Zuhrt, D. 2017, ‘The United States of Europe. dress rehearsal: Rhodes 1306-1522’, in EUROTHENTICA, Apple, Cupertino, ISBN 9788890859267.
Papathanasiou-Zuhrt, D. 2022 “Intensive Composite Training in Gamification to rewind the tourism service design” Heritage4Growth, 2021-1-RO01-KA220-VET-000033109, Erasmus+ Programme.
Papathanasiou-Zuhrt, D. and Weiss-Ibanez, D., 2016 “Grand Master Challenge. the Game” COS/TOUR/699493/DIVERTIMENTO, COSME Programme 2014-2020, ISBN 9788890859267, Apple, Cupertino.
Papathanasiou-Zuhrt, D., 2014 “The Europe of 8. Knights at work:1306-1522”, SEE/B/0016/4.3/X SAGITTARIUS, Southeast Europe Transnational Cooperation Programme, 2007-2013, University of the Aegean, Rhodes.
Papathanasiou-Zuhrt, D., 2022 “Grand Master Challenge. the Game” 2021-1-RO01-KA220-VET-000033109 Heritage4Growth.
Papathanasiou-Zuhrt, D., and Cinar, K. 2023, “Developing a prototype for serious games at places of cultural significance: evidence from UNESCO-listed heritage in Greece and Turkey” in “HERiPRENEURSHIP. Sustainable Tourism, Heritage Management and the Cultural and Creative Industries: Creating New Investment Opportunities at Places of Cultural Significance”, EDITIURA MEGA, pp. 197-208, ISBN 978 606 020 654 5.
Papathanasiou-Zuhrt, D., Stavrinoudis, Th., Glyptou, K., and Skoultsos, S. 2013, ‘“QR-RHODES: FROM THE TIME MACHINE TO THE QR CODE. Playrooms for Non-Captive Audiences in the Age of Mobile Telephony” The Approach of the SEE TCP SAGITTARIUS 2011-2014’, in 5th International Scientific Conference “Tourism Trends and Advances in the 21st Century”, pp. 1-14.
Papathanasiou-Zuhrt, D., The Interpretive Project, Rhodes, Greece: e- and onsite Course in the development of interpretive skills for professional tourism guides, Greek Ministry of Tourism/University of the Aegean, Rhodes.
Papathanasiou-Zuhrt, D., Weiss-Ibanez, D., and Di Russo, A. The Gamification of Heritage in the UNESCO-Listed Medieval City of Rhodes. 2017. 1st International GAMEFIN Conference, Tuomi, P., and Pertula, A. (eds) Tampere University of Technology, TUT Game Lab, Finland, Pori, pp 60-70.
Papathanasiou-Zuhrt, Dorothea. GREECE_H4G_ASSET_11, “Street of the Knights, Island of Rhodes, Greece.” REBOOT Erasmus+ project Heritage Narrative asset, Object No. 11 (2026). Source, via this project’s own Statement of Significance for the Street of the Knights, for the Inn of Auvergne’s location, south portal and 1507 inscription, north face and courtyard, and staircases — this document’s principal architectural source, no dedicated academic architectural or restoration-history study of the building having been available among the sources supplied for this project.
Phillips, Simon David. Rhodes in the Final Hospitaller Years, 1502–1521: Latin and Greek Interaction in the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean. PhD diss., University of Athens, Faculty of Philosophy, Department of Archaeology and History, 2021. Source for the Order’s eight conventual bailiff offices, including the Marshalcy held by the Langue of Auvergne; already cited in this project’s Statement of Significance for the Inn of France.
REBOOT Statement of Significance: Admiralty of the Knights Hospitallers, Rhodes (2026) — cross-referenced for fr. Jean de Lastic's 1451 exemption of Magdalena, daughter of Antonina Macheda, from the marinarii galley-service class.
REBOOT Statement of Significance: Armoury (Oplothiki) De Milly, Rhodes (2026) — cross-referenced for the building's attribution, via surviving heraldry, to Grand Masters Jacques de Milly (1454–1461) and Giovanni Battista Orsini (1467–1476).
REBOOT Statement of Significance: Castellania, Rhodes (2026) — cross-referenced for fr. Jean de Lastic's judicial administration, including his documented court cases of 1442 and 1449.
REBOOT Statement of Significance: Gate of St John, Rhodes (2026) — cross-referenced for fr. Pierre d'Aubusson's 1472 appointment as superintendent of the Order's fortification works, before his own election as Grand Master.
REBOOT Statement of Significance: House of Prince Jem, Rhodes (2026) — cross-referenced for fr. Guy de Blanchefort's command, in September 1482, of the galley that carried Prince Jem (Cem) from Rhodes toward France, and for his subsequent custody of the prince at Bourganeuf. This project's own materials refer to this same monument and prince alternately as “House of Prince Jem” (this project's own delivered Statement of Significance for the building) and “House of Prince Cem” (the form used elsewhere in this document's own bibliography, below) — both denoting the same Ottoman prince and the same building, a naming variance reported here transparently rather than silently reconciled.
REBOOT Statement of Significance: Inn of England, Rhodes (2026) — cross-referenced for fr. Guy de Blanchefort's arms among the heraldry of that Inn's chapel.
REBOOT Statement of Significance: Inn of Italy, Rhodes (2026) — cross-referenced for the roster of the five bastions' 1522 siege defenders, including du Mesnil at the Bastion of Auvergne.
REBOOT Statement of Significance: Palace of the Grand Master, Rhodes (2026) — cross-referenced for fr. Guy de Blanchefort's escort of the Ottoman prince Cem to France in 1482/83, and for fr. Pierre d'Aubusson's cardinalate 'in pectore'.
REBOOT Statement of Significance: Street of the Knights, Rhodes (2026) — cross-referenced for the Inn of Auvergne's physical description, directly incorporated into this document, and for the building's place among the Street's wider ensemble of national Inns.
REBOOT Statements of Significance: House of Prince Cem, Rhodes (2026), and Porta Marina, Rhodes (2026) — cross-referenced for Guy de Blanchefort's candidacy, proposed by Anna-Maria Kasdagli, for the identity of an unresolved marble funerary effigy found near the site of the Order's conventual church, not duplicated here.
REBOOT: Inn of France, Rhodes (2026) — cross-referenced for fr. Jean de Lastic's 1433 loge episode, and for the scope notes, now completed by this document, reserving fr. Pierre d'Aubusson's and fr. Guy de Blanchefort's biographies here.
Riley-Smith, J. Hospitallers. The History of the Order of St John. London: Hambleton Press, 1999.
Roger, Jean-Marc. “Nouveaux regards sur des monuments des Hospitaliers à Rhodes. Bartholino da Castiglione, architecte de Pierre d'Aubusson, monuments dépendant de la langue de France, loge, chapelle Saint-Michel (première partie).” Journal des savants (2007). Source for d'Aubusson's architect, Bartholino da Castiglione, and his wider architectural patronage beyond the Langue d'Auvergne's own buildings; already cited in this project's Statement of Significance for the Inn of France.
Roger, Jean-Marc. “Nouvelles perspectives sur les auberges et d'autres monuments des hospitaliers à Rhodes, d'après des documents inédits.” Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (CRAI) 149, no. 1 (2005): 495–516.
Setton, Kenneth M. “Pierre d'Aubusson and the First Siege of Rhodes (1480).” Chapter 11 in The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Vol. II: The Fifteenth Century. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1978. The principal source for this document's account of the 1480 siege — the 1476 muster figures, the siege's course and final assault, the poison-plot episode (p. 355), Caoursin's contemporary chronicle, the papal and European response, and d'Aubusson's subsequent fortification programme and cardinalate.
This project's compilation of Rhodes-related passages in Burchard's diary (2026), Appendix F — consulted for the 6 March 1488 date and circumstances of the Civita Vecchia handover of Prince Cem into fr. Guy de Blanchefort's custody, and for the identification of Bourgneuf as Blanchefort's own family seat.
UNESCO World Heritage Centre. “Medieval City of Rhodes.” World Heritage List, ref. 493. Inscribed 1988.
Vertot, René Aubert, Abbé de. The History of the Knights Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem. 5 vols. Edinburgh: R. Fleming, 1757.
Zoitou, Sofia. Staging Holiness: The Case of Hospitaller Rhodes (ca. 1309–1522). Mediterranean Art Histories 3. Leiden: Brill, 2021.